Guatemala

A história guatemalteca até a metade século XX caracteriza-se pela intensa intervenção estadunidense, governos liberais e oligárquicos. Entre 1944 e 1954 ocorreu na Guatemala a Revolução de Outubro, que enfraqueceu a oligarquia cafeeira e o Estado Liberal. Sob o comando de Jacobo Arbenz Gusmán houve importantes reformas democráticas como o fim da servidão no campo e a reforma agrária. No entanto, o projeto popular de Arbenz foi derrotado em 26 julho de 1954 por um poder contra-revolucionário formado pela Igreja Católica, o empresariado e os militares com o apoio dos Estados Unidos. Sucessivos golpes de Estado ocorreram de 1958 a 1963. Foram formados, neste último período, o Movimento Revolucionário 13 de novembro, MR-13. Do descontentamento popular nasceram também, movimentos guerrilheiros como as Forças Armadas Rebeldes (FAR). Os grupos da frente guerrilheira foram perseguidos pelo Exército e os movimentos populares violentamente reprimidos. Os esquadrões da morte integrados por civis anticomunistas, membros do Partido Liberação Nacional, tiveram importante participação nos atos de terror contra a oposição. Em 1976, após um terremoto que deixou um saldo de mais de 30 mil mortos, teve início no país um novo despertar dos movimentos sociais. Ocorreram diversos eventos como a Marcha dos Mineiros de Ixtahuacán. Houve repressão e, no Massacre de Panzós, o Exército exterminou 102 camponeses. Uma nova tentativa de guerrilha ocorreu em 1979, formada pelo Exército Guerrilheiro dos Pobres (EGP) e a Organização Revolucionária do Povo em Armas (ORPA), que fizeram ofensivas contra o Exército mas foram reprimidos. O resultado foi a destruição de 600 aldeias indígenas e a morte de pelo menos 50 mil civis. Em 1982, houve nove golpe de Estado foi articulado. Em face da crise política, econômica e social, os militares convocaram eleições para Assembleia Constituinte, em 1984. Com isso, foram promulgadas leis eleitorais, criadas instituições democráticas e uma moderna Constituição. Nas eleições presidenciais de 1985 venceu o democrata cristão Vinicio Cerezo, líder civil e da oposição antes reprimida. (JINKINGS,2006)

Sítios de Memória da Guatemala:

34.915 respostas para “Guatemala”

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